Motoes

ព្យាយាម អប់រំ ជោគជ័យ
EFFORT EDUCATION SUCCESS

DEMOCRACY "PROGRESSES AND CHALLENGES"




Democracy
“Progresses and Challenges
By MEY Sopheakdei, 2011

I.       Introduction
a.  History Background
In the new era of globalization of democracy we live in; for the first time in history, most people in the world live under tolerably democratic rule. This upsurge in democracy reflects the transformation of the world’s political landscape in the final quarter of the twentieth century. Over this short period, the number of democracies more than doubled. Democracy expanded beyond its core of Western Europe and former settler colonies to embrace Southern Europe, Eastern Europe, Latin America, more of Asia, and parts of Africa.
The shift to democracy, while important in itself, will also have international ramifications. It is likely to contribute to peace and prosperity since democracies rarely go to war with each other and are more likely to form trade agreements than are non-democracies. The terrorists who attacked the United States on September 11, 2001, we should note, originated from authoritarian rather than democratic countries.
As democracy continues to spread, so it becomes more varied. Understanding the forms taken by democracy in today’s world is therefore a central task for comparative politics. We examine the established democracies of Europe and its settler colonies, with their emphasis on representative and limited government. We then discuss the newer democracies emerging from the ashes of communist and military rule.
However, we will find out the progresses and challenges of democracies in the new era of democracy with the beginning of origins of democracy itself and we will take back to the fifth century BC to the world’s most influential example of self-government ancient Athens.
To clear understand on the progresses and challenges of democracy in the world, we need to know the key issues which will be detailed below. In this topic, we will discuss many main points which relevant to the world democracies and its forms through the world democracy and its effect to the world stability and the solutions with cases in the whole world. The democracy also meets challenges through the development of political, economic and social aspect.
b.    Formulation Questions
What are the progresses and challenges of democracy in the current time?
Why does democracy meet challenges to be implemented in the world?
How those challenges to be tackled?
c.     Objective and Advantage
Democracies which are important to human beings, nowadays, become the critical thought among the other issues in the world in which to study on democracies have many important following objectives:
a.       To analyze the democracy in the new era of globalization.
b.       To seek out the progresses and challenges of democracy through various factors.
c.        To explain the importance of democracy for the world political stability, economic development, and social welfare.
d.       To find out the solutions for reduction on world issues of new era of democracy.
To conduct the research on the topic “Democracy: progress and challenges” perfectly, we need to choose the major elements including the progresses and challenges of world democracy in political, economic, and social aspects in which the world government and institutions’ society play the important role to protect  and promote the political, economic and social welfare. Moreover, we would like to seek the solution of democratic challenges which causes to violations on political and economic freedom.
    To seek the truth that what have happened around the world through the new era globalization of democracy, people scrim for help while the government or private sectors violate their rights and freedom with individual own property and so on which all of those things belong to them.
d.    Scope of the study
In order to complete this task, we need to spend some times as follow, for the first week we find out and surf the internet relevant to the documents through varies websites and including books, newspapers, and second week, we collect all data and start to set up the specific source to the topic, the third week, after the teacher correct the topic, we prepare documents and produce the assignment papers plan to submit to instructor as well as prepare for the presentation. Also, we start writing book. This research paper is studied only the progresses and challenges in the world in the year from 2000 to 2010.

II.     Understanding of Democracy
Wherever we go, in the north or in the south side of the world we always hear the word democracy which is useful for human beings in this world and it also brings harmonious and happy society. Even though, the south side of the world is the part of poor countries or developing countries or third world countries they still need democracy to find the welfare of human being.  Of course, the word democracy derived from the two Greek root words which Kratia means population and Demos means rule and if we combine these words together it will mean the rule by the people. Actually, democracy has the origins from the fifth century BC in the ancient Athens. The principles of democracy in that time is that government belong to people, government work for people and government created by people. Through these principles we can see that citizens participated strongly in politics or creating policy for their country with their governments.
 Since then democracy continues to spread, so it becomes more varied forms in the world society because there are many countries around the world practice different form of democracy, so from one country to another democracy is different. Actually, Cambodia is a liberal democracy according to the principle of the 1993 constitution in which states in the article 51that Cambodia adopts a liberal multi-party democracy policy. Actually, the word democracy begins with the idea that the people are the ultimate source of the power of the government. That is, without the support of the majority of the people, expressed through their vote, the government lacks of authority. On the other hand, liberal democracy is meant to ensure the government is truly representative and that the terms of the members of the legislative and executive bodies are limited since they must either be reelected or replaced on the regular, periodic basis.
        Moreover, liberal democracy also has the concept of the separation of powers. Not only the terms of Cambodian political institutional bodies, but also their powers be kept separated from each other. In other words, we can say that one branch of the government cannot interfere in the operations of any other branch of the government. Through regimes, Cambodian political situations have met a lot of challenges because of the overlap of powers between one body of the government to others Cambodia had changed many regimes and political ideologies from communist to democrat and from democratic to communist. Therefore, the best purpose is that Cambodia should be chose or choose to practice the liberal democracy in the countries.
        Furthermore, liberal democracy is also focused on rule of law in which it is important for Cambodia because Cambodia used to pass many cruel regimes and the rule of law is to make country full with democracy and human rights. When we think of rule of law we always focus on the law system in the country in which government rule the country through law and all people equal before law. They never consider the rank of the positions of any people and no high official or high ranking if they breach the law they will be punished by the law through court. However, liberal democracy brings Cambodia peace and stability in the country.
On the other hand, democracy begins with the idea that people are the ultimate source of the power of the government. Moreover, a democracy is a representative form of government, that is, without the support of the majority of the people, expressed through their vote, the government lacks authority. Therefore, the democracy consists of four basic elements:
Ø A political system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair election
Ø The active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civil life
Ø Promote of human right of all citizens
Ø A rule of law in which the laws and procedures apply equally to all citizens
Recent years, many countries in the world begin to absorb the ideology of democracy because they see that the democratic countries could develop their countries faster and the people who live the in the democratic countries can survive themselves easily and with harmonious lives.  The ideology of democracy is modernizing the world after the World War II in which all most people around the world call for democracy and they need democracy in their countries because they think that democracy is the best way to bring development and harmonious societies.
The idea of democracy derives its power and significant, by contrast, from the idea of self-determination: that is, from the notion that members of political community- citizens- should be able to choose freely the conditions of their own association, and that their choices should constitute the ultimate legitimating of the form and direction of their polity.[1]
Furthermore, there is probably no single word with more meanings than democracy. Twentieth century dictators misused the word to persuade subjects that they lived in the just system. That mean some countries say the word of the democracy just the mean is not the real one such as Cambodia in the 1975 to 1979 in which they called Cambodia as Democratic Country. In those countries, democracy is just the label of the political system, but the real is not. Actually, the Soviet Union used to claim it was the most democratic system in the world and most communist countries are called democratic. Democracy does not always equal freedom. Parties and elections can be used to bring dictatorial regimes power. Of course, democracy needs thoughtful citizens, limits on power, rule of law, and human and civil rights. No every country that calls itself a democracy is full democracy.  So, the democracy will be different from one country to another and we will consider the differences of democracy.
a.     Forms of Democracy
Democracy has taken a number of forms, both in theory and practice. The following kinds are not exclusive of one another: many specify details of aspects that are independent of one another and can co-exist in a single system. Democracy has many forms in the world globalization in which from one to another country democracy is practiced differently and however, we will examine and consider some of those forms in order to reflect with the modernization of the world.
1.     Direct Democracy
Direct democracy is a political system where the citizens participate in the decision-making personally, contrary to relying on intermediaries or representatives. The supporters of direct democracy argue that democracy is more than merely a procedural issue. A direct democracy gives the voting population the power to:
  1. Change constitutional laws,
  2. Put forth initiatives, referendums and suggestions for laws,
  3. Give binding orders to elective officials, such as revoking them before the end of their elected term, or initiating a lawsuit for breaking a campaign promise.
Of the three measures mentioned, most operate in developed democracies today. This is part of a gradual shift towards direct democracies. Examples of this include the extensive use of referendums in California with more than 20 million voters. In Switzerland, where five million voters decide on national referendums and initiatives two to four times a year; direct democratic instruments are also well established at the cantonal and communal level. Vermont towns have been known for their yearly town meetings, held every March to decide on local issues. No direct democracy is in existence outside the framework of a different overarching form of government. Most direct democracies to date have been weak forms, relatively small communities, usually city-states. The world is yet to see a large, fundamental, working example of direct democracy as of yet, with most examples being small and weak forms.
Democracy is a form of government offering a workable solution to the fundamental political problem of reaching collective decision by peaceful means. This kind of democracy was happening since the fifth century in Athens city. According to the definition of the direct democracy is that the citizens themselves assemble to debate and decide on collective issues. However, we cannot understand democracy simply by looking at contemporary examples because this democracy was in the fifth century. Of course, the meaning of democracy each to rule and be ruled in turn is the principle in which this principle applied across all the institutions of government within the city-community and all citizens could attend meeting of the assembly, serve on the governing council and sit on the citizens’ juries because ancient Athens continues to provide the archetypal example of direct democracy. All adult male citizens had right to attend and speak at the assembly of the government.
History has judged that the direct democracy was in ancient Athens because all citizens aged at least twenty could attend assembly session and there address his peers, meeting were of citizens, not their representatives. According to the history let us know that the assembly met around forty times a years to settle issues put before it, including the issues of war and so on at the ancient Athens time. Of course, we should not blind ourselves to serious flaws in Athens’s little democracy because citizenship was restricted to a small elite to govern the country and participation was not in practice as extensive as the Athenians liked to claim because most citizens were absent from most assembly meeting.
2.     Representative Democracy
Representative democracy involves the selection of government officials by the people being represented. If the head of state is also democratically elected then it is called a democratic republic. The most common mechanisms involve election of the candidate with a majority or a plurality of the votes. The contrasts between the classical democracy or direct democracy of ancient Athens in which most citizenship is not longer an elite status because they have their own representative through their voting. Moreover, democracies today are representative rather than direct because the democratic principle has transmuted from self-government to elected government.
Furthermore, the modern democracy is based on a liberal philosophy in which the state’s scope is restricted by the constitution. This limit is based on a distinction between public and private that would have been unacceptable in classical Athens where citizens who lived an entirely private life.
Representatives may be elected or become diplomatic representatives by a particular district or represent the entire electorate proportionally proportional systems, with some using a combination of the two. Some representative democracies also incorporate elements of direct democracy, such as referendums. A characteristic of representative democracy is that while the representatives are elected by the people to act in their interest, they retain the freedom to exercise their own judgment as how best to do so.
3.     Liberal Democracy
The scope of democracy is limited by constitutional protection of individual rights, including freedom of assembly, property, religion and speech. A Liberal democracy is a representative democracy in which the ability of the elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is subject to the rule of law, and usually moderated by a constitution that emphasizes the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals, and which places constraints on the leaders and on the extent to which the will of the majority can be exercised against the rights of minorities. In a liberal democracy, it is possible for some large-scale decisions to emerge from the many individual decisions that citizens are free to make. In other words, citizens can "vote with their feet" or "vote with their dollars", resulting in significant informal government-by-the-masses that exercises many "powers" associated with formal government elsewhere.
4.     New Democracy
New democracy is a democracy in which an authoritarian legacy continues to influence political action and debate. To be sure, many new democracies do seem to have consolidated by one crucial tests in which a peaceful transfer of power through election. For example, the South Korean presidential election of 1997 witnessed the first peaceful transfer of power to the center-left in that country’s history. Actually, states had experienced at least one change of government through the ballot box. Peaceful transfers have also become almost routine in the world democracy.
Yet even when elections have succeeded in the delicate task of replacing governing elite, most new democracies remain distinctive, and the question is not whether they will consolidate but what exactly they are consolidating into. The difficulties facing new democracy can be grouped into two clusters: the political problems associated with an illiberal inheritance and the economic problems caused by the combination of limited development and extreme inequality.
b.       Waves of Democratization
Democracy derived from the ancient Athens in which it spread day by day to the world because it is thought that it will help the world society and community stable and peaceful living and however, democracy also has its waves in which it is from one generation to another they practice it differently. A wave of democracy is a group of transitions from non-democracy to democratic regimes that occur within a specified period of time and that significantly outnumber transitions in the opposite direction during that period. Three waves of democratization have occurred in the modern world.
1.     First Wave of Democratization
The first modern democracies emerged in the first long wave of democratization between 1828 and 1926. During this first wave nearly 30 countries established at least minimally democratic national institutions, including Argentina, Australia, Britain, Canada, France, Germany, The Netherlands, New Zealand, The Scandinavian countries and the United State. Some of these fledgling democracies were later overthrown by fascist, communist or military dictatorships.
However, democracy did consolidate in the earliest nineteenth century democratizations, including the United State and the United Kingdom. We will examine these two transitions of the first wave in more detail, not least because the USA remains the leading example of liberal democracy while Britain usefully illustrates representative.
The emergence of democracy in the United State was rapid but it was a transition nonetheless. The founders had thought of political leadership in non-democratic terms, as the duty of a disinterested, leisured gentry. However, the idea that citizens could only be represented fairly by those of their own short quickly gained ground, supported by egalitarian spirit of a frontier society.
2.     Second Wave of Democratization
Second wave democracies differed in character from their predecessors. Their liberal traditions were somewhat weaker s representation through parties proved to be the stronger suit. Parties had gone unmentioned in the American constitution but by the time of the second wave they had emerged as the leading democratic instrument.  Indeed, Germany’s Basic Law codified their role in which the political parties shall take part in forming the democratic will of the people. In
In several second wave democracies, the importance of party was confirmed by the emergence of a single party which dominated national politics for a generation such as Congress in India, the Christian Democrats in Italy, the LDP in Japan and Labor in Israel.
3.     Third Wave of Democratization
The third wave democracies finally began in 1974 and continued until 1991. Their main and highly diverse elements were:
·   The end of right wing dictatorship in Southern Europe
·   The retreat of the general in much of Latin American in the 1980s
·   The collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe at the end of the 1980s
This third wave has transferred the global political landscape in which the predominance of democratic forms in today’s world itself places added pressure on those non-democratic regimes that survive.
Within the third wave, it is only the Southern European group that provides consistently secure cases of democratic consolidation, aided by membership of the European Union and economic development. The category of new democracy remains central to understanding these uncertain regimes.
c.     The Importance of Democracy
Through modernization of the new era of globalization, democratic ideology is considered as the most important for world order society. While war of economic and social interest is happening among some countries in the world and because of the purpose of protection of human rights war is also made whereas democracy is the purpose of eliminating the human rights abuse in the authoritarian countries in this world. However, the democracy is the new ideology for some people in authoritarian states in which they see the democratic states live with what we say happiness with their freedom. We know that human beings are born for free and protected from equal human being and we regard ourselves as human beings who are superior to animals. Moreover, we established the bill of human rights to protect ourselves from any kinds of physical and mental abuses. When the democracy is rooted in the country harmonious and prosperous lives of the people also occur. Democracy brings human rights protection and equal live in the society.
Furthermore, democracy is the sacred medicine for abuse of human property rights in the society and it also brings the rule of law in which all people equal before the laws. From the very beginning of time, human being has sought to discipline social relations for the greater good of all. Very early, these relationships were defined around a leader, and religions codified social order. Still today, religions discipline much of our behavior and relationships. For over a thousand years, Cambodian society was organized around a god king with absolute power. It is only during the twentieth century that our practices were secularized. The Rule of Law should be an effective means to enhance the wellbeing of the people. Moreover the importance of rule of law:
-   Protect property rights – If individuals and businesses are not confident that the fruits of their productive efforts will be protected, they will be discouraged to undertake investment, especially long term investments that is needed to sustain economic growth and development. Instead, they may turn to speculation;
-   Enforce contracts – Similarly, if individuals and businesses lack confidence that contracts will be enforced and protected through the rule of law, their incentive to engage in productive activity will erode;
-   Ensure fair competition – A legal system that prohibits fair competition by creating barriers for market entry will cause distortions in the economy and misallocation of scarce resources;
-   Mobilize and Disburse Financial Capital – In countries with weak rule of law, low public confidence in the government and public institutions will also undermine trust in financial institutions. In such an environment, it may be difficult to mobilize capital from individuals, businesses and investors. Moreover, weak rule of law will also limit the disbursement of financial capital because banks may demand high collateral from borrowers to hedge against risk. This will slow down capital accumulation and, hence, economic growth.
Within democratic states, people are easy to have access to a free flow of information because people have freedom of accessing information and getting any information. Moreover, free flow of information is the kind of freedom of expression within society and the world. In the era of globalization, democracy is popular for people around the world because they have full freedom to get what they want without violate to anyone and democracy bring freedom of expression, so people have freedom to say what they have thought. Mass media is also the kind of freedom of expression for people in which they have freedom to publish their thoughts for the public.
The best thing is equal natural resource for all in society. Government tries to find the efficiency for society in which the society is getting the maximum benefits its scarce resource and government also does the duty to make society equity for all members. The benefits which government gets from scarce resource and those benefits are distributed fairly among society’s members. Through democratic society, society’s members can get the benefits from their society’s scarce resource because government is able to provide those benefits from scarce resource fairly to society.
Development will occur if that country is full of social and political stability and the investment will flow to democratic countries. Moreover, the democratic countries have the law enforcement and the contract between investors and government will be guaranteed by the laws.
III.   The Progresses of Democracy
Through the modern world democratic history, the democracy is getting better from century to another in which its ideology spread through the world and people around the world absorb its concepts. Even though democracy is original from Ancient Athens, it spread from one country to another through the world and from the north to south every fast. Everyone claim for democracy because democracy has its components such as human rights protection, rule of laws, and choosing and replacing government leaders through free and fair election. We will examine the progresses of democracy through its regime from one time to another in the world history from its origin, after World War I, after World War II, after cold war, and the current development below.
a.     The Origin of Democracy
The term democracy first appeared in ancient Greek political and philosophical thought. The Greek city state of Athens, led by Cleisthenes, established what is generally held as the first democracy in 507 BCE. Cleisthenes is referred to as "the father of Athenian democracy". The Athenian philosopher Plato contrasted democracy, the system of "rule by the governed", with the alternative systems of monarchy (rule by one individual), oligarchy (rule by a small élite class) and timocracy (ruling class of property owners). Today Classical Athenian democracy is considered by many to have been a direct democracy. Originally it had two distinguishing features: first the allotment (selection by lot) of ordinary citizens to the few government offices and the courts, and secondarily the assembly of all the citizens. All citizens were eligible to speak and vote in the assembly, which set the laws of the city state. However, Athenian citizens were all-male, born from parents who were born in Athens, and excluded women, slaves, foreigners and males under 20 years old. Of the estimated 200,000 to 400,000 inhabitants there were between 60,000 to 30,000 citizens. The elected generals often held influence in the assembly. Pericles was, during his many years of de-facto political leadership, once elected general 15 years in a row.
Even though the Roman Republic contributed significantly to certain aspects of democracy, only a minority of Romans were citizens with votes in elections for representatives. The votes of the powerful were given more weight through a system of Gerrymandering, so most high officials, including members of the Senate, came from a few wealthy and noble families. However, many notable exceptions did occur.
b.    Democracy after World War I
20th century transitions to liberal democracy have come in successive "waves of democracy," variously resulting from wars, revolutions, decolonization, religious and economic circumstances. World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires resulted in the creation of new nation-states from Europe, most of them at least nominally democratic.
In the 1920s democracy flourished, but the Great Depression brought disenchantment, and most of the countries of Europe, Latin America, and Asia turned to strong-man rule or dictatorships. Fascism and dictatorships flourished in Nazi Germany, Italy, Spain and Portugal, as well as nondemocratic regimes in the Baltics, the Balkans, Brazil, Cuba, China, and Japan, among others.
c.     Democracy after World War II
World War II brought a definitive reversal of this trend in western Europe. The successful democratization of the American, British, and French sectors of occupied Germany Austria, Italy, and the occupied Japan served as a model for the later theory of regime change.
However, most of Eastern Europe, including the Soviet sector of Germany was forced into the non-democratic Soviet bloc. The war was followed by decolonization, and again most of the new independent states had nominally democratic constitutions. India emerged as the world's largest democracy and continues to be so.
By 1960, the vast majority of country-states were nominally democracies, although the majority of the world's populations lived in nations that experienced sham elections, and other forms of subterfuge particularly in Communist nations and the former colonies.
A subsequent wave of democratization brought substantial gains toward true liberal democracy for many nations. Spain, Portugal (1974), and several of the military dictatorships in South America returned to civilian rule in the late 1970s and early 1980s (Argentina in 1983, Bolivia, Uruguay in 1984, Brazil in 1985, and Chile in the early 1990s). This was followed by nations in East and South Asia by the mid-to-late 1980s.
d.    Democracy after Cold War
Economic malaise in the 1980s, along with resentment of communist oppression, contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the associated end of the Cold War, and the democratization and liberalization of the former Eastern bloc countries. The most successful of the new democracies were those geographically and culturally closest to Western Europe, and they are now members or candidate members of the European Union. Some researchers consider that in contemporary Russiathere are no real democracy and one of forms of dictatorship takes place.
The Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index as published in December 2010. The palest blue countries get a score above 9 out of 10 with Norway being the most democratic country at 9.80, while the black countries score below 3 with North Korea being the least democratic at 1.08.
The liberal trend spread to some nations in Africa in the 1990s, most prominently in South Africa. Some recent examples of attempts of liberalization include the Indonesian Revolution of 1998, the Bulldozer Revolution in Yugoslavia, the Rose Revolution in Georgia, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine, the Cedar Revolution in Lebanon, the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan, and the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia.
According to Freedom House, in 2007 there were 123 electoral democracies. According to World Forum on Democracy, electoral democracies now represent 120 of the 192 existing countries and constitute 58.2 percent of the world's population. At the same time liberal democracies i.e. countries Freedom House regards as free and respectful of basic human rights and the rule of law are 85 in number and represent 38 percent of the global population.
As such, it has been speculated that this trend may continue in the future to the point where liberal democratic nation-states become the universal standard form of human society. This prediction forms the core of Francis Fukayama's "End of History" controversial theory. These theories are criticized by those who fear an evolution of liberal democracies to post-democracy, and others who point out the high number of illiberal democracies.
e.     Democracy of Current Development
Democracy does not stop spreading from one year to another in which we can see through the world people protest and demonstrate for democracy. In Africa and Southeast Asia people call for help to change their world of communist or authoritarian rule by replacing the democracy. They work for democracy and die for democracy. During the jasmine demonstration in Europe thousands of people died because of democracy.
IV.  The Challenges of Democracy
So far what we have learnt is democracy in which it emerged since the fifth century in the ancient Athens time. From day to another democracy is popular for the modern world because it brings the good result of political practice in the society. We see that if a country is full with democratic practice people will live happily in their society because they have rights to live and express what they need and want. Moreover, they live with rule of law in which everyone is equal before law and on discrimination in their society.
However, democracy has also met a lot of obstacles for its development to be rooted in society because the old or ancient society was rooted in communist and slavery society. Everyone has their own leaders and become their slaves without reasonability. By contrast, democracy is equal for all people through economic, politics with the good welfare for both physical and metal and nobody is being violated.
a.     The Political Challenges
Consider first the political challenges facing democracies of the third wave. Reflecting an authoritarian legacy, liberal ideas often remain weak. The development of democracy requires more than just competitive elections. It also requires the enforcement of legal restraint on state power, protection of civil rights, the establishment of relatively uncorrupt and effective bureaucracies, and the imposition of democratic control over potentially authoritarian forces such as the military and security service.
However, there is election practice the buying poles, killing political activists also happen during the election. To extent that democratic consolidation requires substituting a government of laws for one of men; the task is still incomplete in new democracies. The inheritance form the old regime continues to limit progress. Some new democracies still control by military leaders in which the authoritarian practice also happen during the governing of the new government by practicing the old system. After all, ruling communist parties and military councils had brooked no interference from the judiciary and paid no heed to constitutions, including statement of human rights.
So in many new democracies, the tradition of power revolving around individual whether communist party bosses, the arrogant generals and landowners tends to subvert attempts to consolidate the democratic framework.
b.    The Economic Challenges
The economic difficulties confronting new democracies of the third wave are even more obvious than the political challenges. These problems consist of a combination of poverty and inequality, exacerbated by severe economic decline in the early years of the new democracy. Even in many of the larger and more developed new democracies, living standard remain well below western levels, but the new democratic countries still meet the difficulties of economic development in which it causes poverty in the region or in the whole world.
Relative poverty goes hand in hand with greater inequality. Many new democracies retain a large agricultural sector, where sharp contrasts continue between a rich, powerful elite and a poorly educated and often powerless, population. Conflict between landowners and dependent peasants are endemic in most countries in the world.
Furthermore, the ex-communist states in Asia or Eastern Europe suffered enormous economic dislocation in the transition from the old order. As planned economic began to be dismantled in tandem with democratization, unemployment soared. Throughout the post communist world was a decade of deep economic decline in which the real suffering of the many was exacerbated by ostentatious affluence of a few.
Crucially, the economic and political weaknesses of new democracies are linked. The absence of a liberal political framework itself inhibits economic advance. Weak legal systems restrict economic development because corporations lack confidence that commercial disputes can be resolved fairly and promptly through the courts. Close personal connection develop between politicians in need of money and well-placed business executives who value political influence. These semi-corrupt networks preclude the development of a clear framework for market regulation. As a result, both economic and democratic developments wither, held back by the incomplete penetration of liberal ideas and institutions.
c.     The Challenge of Time
We should mention one final factor affecting the consolidation of third wave democracies is the timing of their transition. To be born into a world which is already democratic is a mixed blessing. On the one hand, it increases the pressure on new democracies to consolidate too quickly. Populations value not just democracy but the affluence they sense goes with it and the demand both now.
The first wave democracies were not so much adopting a new political order as inventing it. As we saw that innovation was a leisurely, even evolutionary, process of adapting old ideas to large states. By contrast, third wave democracies were delivered into a world where democratic ideas were already becoming predominant. As a result, they are expected to mimic established examples without the economic resources and gradual maturation which helped the countries of the first wave. Both democratic and international audiences expect the process of developing democracy to be collapsed into a decade or two. The result is rushed rather than leisurely democratization. In the first wave, democracy could be an outcome but in the third wave it has to be an intention. At the same time, democracies of the third wave have one clear advantage over their predecessors is a favorable global and regional context. However, democracies also need time to adopt themselves to be real and full democracies.
V. Solutions to the challenges of Democracy
Throughout its spread from one century to another, democracy also meets challenges and it also needs solutions to solve those matters in order to spread smoothly of democracy. Even though some obstacles are difficult to overcome people will find out different ways. To overcome those challenges we will examine these solutions. They will help to more understand the mean of democracy in the new era of globalization of democracy.


a.     Political Solution
Every government must govern by legitimacy in which government govern according to the law. It also requires the enforcement of legal restraint on the state power, protection of civil rights, the establishment of relatively uncorrupt and effective bureaucracies, and imposition of democratic control over potentially authoritarian forces such as the military and the security services. Government control the country not through coup d’état or any kind of illegal rules which make the political instability and it will be illegitimacy government.
International intergovernmental organizations should examine or check out those states which have the political matters to prevent the spread of democracy. We need to promote democracy to the people and let the people to participate the political career such as going to register the name for election, going to vote for their leader through expressing their political freedom and rights.
However, government itself has to have strong commitment to spread democracy through their regime in term of political welfare. To be sure, many democracies seem to have consolidated by on crucial tests is a peaceful transfer of power through elections. Yet even when elections have succeeded in the delicate task of replacing a governing elite, most democracies remain distinctive. The best way to improve democracy is to make a political reform to democratic governor government and all governmental institutions have to be separated power one to another.
b.    Economic Solution
We do not live alone anymore, so the world organizations and super power and economic country have to provide fund to those countries which wish to reform their political concepts from communism to democracy. The best to help is economic, financial and technical assistance for those countries. However, the government itself has to open for international assistance to both political and economic aspect. Through the new era of globalization every state combines and intergrades together to share the benefits of economic by exchanging the products and fulfill the demand of people around the world.
Actually, people always think of their stomach before they think of other factors such as democracy and rule of law. We can think that every developing country has a lot of challenges with their economics. The people live in the poverty and most developing countries find themselves in a more exposed position in relation to external economic forces. For better or worse, the impact of the global economy is far greater than on developed countries. In democratic countries, people always think of equality and standard of living and the economic well-being is the key to democratic consolidation. We can conclude that the more well to do a nation, the greater the chances that it will sustain democracy and the stable democracies scored higher on such measure as income per person, literacy and the proportion of the population living in cities.
However, the democracy could process unless both external and internal help together to root the democracy in the world which is called the world of democracy. With the assistance from different actors around the world and state itself, also have strong commitment to root down the democracy in their own country and society. Even though world organizations such World Bank, International Monetary Fund and other actors try to provide both financial and technical assistance to the countries which wish to root democracy into their countries, they do not have will to do so how other people help if we do not help ourselves. We think economic is important, but the will of the government and people is the most important.
c.     Solution of Time
The timing of transition is also important for democratic countries and to be born into a world which is already democratic is a mixed blessing. The latest transitions to democracy have occurred with dizzying speed, giving the societies involved little time to prepare for the leap to representative government. Government and international actors absolutely play important roles to help those countries which wish to be democratic countries. At first the new democratic countries need time to process the elements of democracy in which the election is the best way to choosing and replacing the government.
On the other hand, it increases the pressures on new democratic countries to consolidate too quickly. We cannot claim to be democratic countries and we will be full democratic countries in the world. We need time and process the mechanism of democracy which helps those countries to be the democracy. However, both domestic and international audiences expect to process of developing democracy to be collapsed into a decade or two. Step by step to be democratic countries and it cannot rush to adopt democracy.
The progress of building democracy is very difficult. The solution need both internal and external, citizen and government as well as the international institution. Changing attitude is very important to get new idea. Mostly people in developing countries don’t understand about human right and the real meaning of power. Some people use power to crackdown on citizens. People love power. Everyone think that if they have power, they will have everything. They think about their own benefit too much and never care the national interest. People don’t try to work hard. The politicians always cheat their citizens for their own purpose. So, majority of people might think that the politic is not connecting with citizens, just the work for politicians only. The politician can do whatever they want. These are really the bad habit that people must try to change. Population must try to get the knowledge of democracy if what is important and characteristic of this ideology. Democracy is really different from monarchy or totalitarianism regime. Democracy respects the human rights and makes the social justice. Mean people can live equally as the citizen in one country, can go to the same school, the hospital, market, gets the same salary with the same position; even become the leader of the country. People must be involved in voting. For the first time there might be a narrow change that can make people disappointed, but people can’t abandon. Citizens still full fill the obligation by voting because little change is away better than nothing moving. Also changing the leader is the best way to build democracy and new movement and policy. This is the way that people can empowerment themselves and use natural power to choose the leader they think has enough ability and capability to perform the job. Citizens must try to participate in society as much as possible because without people participation the society will be empty, nothing to do to build democracy.  Moreover, on behalf of one citizen, we must be strictly obeying the law. This is the most important point of citizens’ obligation. Imagine that everyone don’t obey the law, what will happen in the society? If society in disorder how can we build democracy?
Meanwhile the citizens’ obligations, the governments play the most important role to build democracy in society. Government is the one who control all activities and manage all recourses in the country, so building democracy is start from the government first. How can people understand this ideology if the government doesn’t tell them? So the government has to show, to explain what are the definition, and advantage of democracy. To build democracy, the most important potential is human recourses. Without human capital, nothing good happen in society. The leader has to improve the education system. To make social order and justice, the government has to strictly implementation the law. People who commit with the crime have to send to the prison without forgiveness otherwise the social problem will be happen such as vise, human trafficking, steal, or killing. Anti- corruption law must be on the top of political agency. We all know that corruption is the virus that kills our society. Corruption decreases the affectedness of the job performance and reduces the recourse of the state. Corruption makes social injustice and increase the poverty line because the rich get richer and the poor get poorer and poorer. Corruption country has low human capital and inequality produce that reduce the capacity of produce to other countries. It is the obstacle to develop economic and democracy that the anti-corruption unit must be taken in advance. Moreover, decentralization and centralization must on the administrative reform of government policy. Sharing power to the local government staff has very affective to solve any problem. This is the form of democracy because the power can’t belong only to the small group of people; power is belong to everybody in society, especially the local staff. In this approach, choosing the government staff in local village, district, or province by election in the policy. So, those people don’t depend on the government or any party to get power. They have to work with people and for people to show their ability and capacity to become the leader. Furthermore, government must reform economic policy to be private control and abandon the economic plane by the state. Democracy appear as soon as we develop the economic, or we can see that when economic grow, democracy also has good aspect. In this way, the leader must try to open the economy into free market that everyone has right to do what they want on economic aspect. Joining internal organization is very important because we have time to share idea, knowledge, and experience to each other. One more advantage is the free flow of product on the members of the organization. For example, countries in ASEAN can join AFTA, NAFTA in North America, and the European Union. This opportunity makes the members have chance to compete the product to run the business. So, the countries try the best to compete with the other by increase the both quality and quantity as well as the increase of human capital and skill worker. In the result, it is very effective way to develop economic as well as democracy because only democracy can smooth the economic performance.
International institutions also play important role to build democracy in the world. First of all, they force the countries to reform the political tendency. The countries that want to become the member of World Bank and European Union have to reform the political structure to become democratic countries first. So any countries that want to become the member, they have to respect the human right. This is the sigh of rising democracy. The more wanted members, the more democratic countries. The members have to strictly obey the condition because the international institutions will investigate all activities if the governments violate the human right and democracy or not. The condition of these int’l institutions is very affective to the build democracy because the members can’t abuse the role. Moreover, the international institutions also provide a lot aid, fund, and various assistances to developing world. This is the role of int’l institutions that help to develop both economic and democracy. In this aspect, they provide aid to build infrastructures such as road, bride, school, or any center. Sometime, the assistance can be in education system, or training course to local people. United Nation is the biggest organization that has many agencies to help developing countries such as UNDP, World Food Program, and UNESCO that have duty to provide aid, help to improve the human right, or investigate the rate of development. Int’l Institution also provide opportunity to join as the member such as UN, ASEAN, EU, AU or some economic institution that have AFTA, NAFTA, EU, and WTO which make the chance to have good relation and free flow of product to all countries as the members. When countries open the economic to free market, it is the good sight of democracy because the governments of each state try to make good governance to the citizens. All in all, we can see that int’l institutions play important role in building democracy by providing aid, fund, assistance, and give opportunity to reform economic and political as well as the chance to has good relation among the members in order to make peace and development in the world.             
VI.  Conclusion and Recommendation
a.     Conclusion
Democracy is the political ideology which was emerged in the fifth century at ancient Athens and it is also a modern ideology that governs of people, by people, and for people. However, democracy has many forms in which they practice different style of democracy around the world. The democracy in the United States is different from the democracy in Cambodia.  Democracy focused on human rights respect, standard of living, justice, happiness Democracy emerged in ancient Athens, 5th century. Democracies have different forms according to the political adoption. Some challenges still the obstacle to perform democracy in some countries. Solution should be both internal and external to overcome the challenges of the spread of democracy around the world.
Democracy does not stop spreading from one year to another in which we can see through the world people protest and demonstrate for democracy. In Africa and Southeast Asia people call for help to change their world of communist or authoritarian rule by replacing the democracy. They work for democracy and die for democracy. During the jasmine demonstration in Europe thousands of people died because of democracy.
Democracy is very important for all people around the word and that why most of the countries choose democracy as political ideology. Democracy provides fair opportunity to the citizens. Human rights respect, standard of living, the value as the human being is being recognized and promote by the government. The process of democracy happens a long time ago. But the wave of democracy that spread very fast is in the 20th and 21th centuries result from war, revolution especially European, as well as the economic development that open for free market and make the private control. All these actions, step by step can make people right in many aspect such as economic, politic, or social participation. People live in peace and happiness where the human right has been organize, good education system, fast and safe health care service, good transportation, social justice, and opportunity to work in suitable place and salary.   In democratic country, usually the three super powers always independent or has interrelation that can’t allow any power to have the most power and control over everything. However, just some countries that have strong democracy and the left still have challenges to build democratic states. Everyone knows that building democracy is very complicated and it take time to achieve the state that provide the benefit to population. The solution to build democracy needs the participation from the citizen, government as well as the international institution. People themselves must try to change the attitude and try to understand more about democracy if it is different from other ideologies. They must involve in any social participation, especially voting because it is very important chance to choose the leader who has both ability and capability. Government also tries to encourage people to have participation in society and provide good education system. The concept of centralize and decentralization are very important to share power to the local government staffs to perform the job affectively. Government must more participate in international organization to get benefit in both economic and political aspect. Moreover, the international organizations also play important role to build democracy of the states. These organizations provide fund, aid, technical assistance, help to reform and develop economic, political cooperation and consultation amount the states that is the chance to build economic and democracy.
b.    Recommendation
Building democracy is very complicated and very challenges to both citizens and government. So, to build democracy, strong political will and commitment are the strategies in place. If we don’t have will or desire to do it, how will it happen? Democracy comes from the participation of everybody in the country, especially the government because they the one who control and manage everything. The government has to perform the good job, provide good knowledge, obey the law, and being a model for all citizens to follow. It is means that, the governments must capability and being the good leader, otherwise if they make any mistake or commit with the crime or any corruption, it will be a bad impact for people conception. Furthermore, the international organizations should provide more chance to developing countries to get more opportunities to participate to develop economic and democracy. Also, they should provide more fund, aid, and any various assistance to developing countries.       
Government itself should have strong commitment to adopt the democratic politics. All people should be provided equal rights in participation in politics and freedom to express their view. Government work for democracy and issues the policy for equity for all as the democratic view.
International organization should support and encourage democratic countries with good condition of political career. The new democratic countries really meet a lot challenges so they need help from any actors who could help them to adopt the democratic policies. The best way to help those countries to be democratic countries is to provide financial and technical assistance because they are the developing countries and people live in the poverty line.
Super power countries should provide opportunity for young generation to get new concepts of democracy. Some countries are strange with the ideology of democracy so the best way to absorb the concept of democracy is to provide young generation getting to know what democracy is. We rely on power economic countries to help those people around the world getting to know the democracy.






VII. References:
1.     DAVID HELD, Democracy and the Global Order, published by Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1995.
2.     Rod Hague and Martin Harrop, An Introduction to Comparative Government and Politics, published by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN, 175 fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010, 2006.
3.     MICHAEL G. ROSKIN and ROBERT L. CORD, An Introduction Political  Science, published by Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, 2006
4.     http://www.democracyjournal.org/
5.     http://pbskids.org/democracy/
6.     http://www.ned.org/
7.     http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/democracy.htm
8.     http://www.positech.co.uk/democracy2/


[1] David Held, Democracy and the Global Order, published by Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1995, p. 145

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